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金刚经讲义解读

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江味农 (1872-1938). 金刚经讲义. 国际文化出版公司, 2013.“古人将释一经,先说玄义,亦曰玄谈。玄者,深也,又悬也。谓将经中深义,提要钩玄而先谈之,使闻者得知大要,入文时乃有头绪也。”

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(己)初,诫听标宗。

“汝今谛听,当为汝说。善男子、善女人,发阿耨多罗三藐三菩提心,应如是住,如是降伏其心。”

须菩提岂有不谛听之理?佛之诫,是为大众,及现在我们众生。谛者,真实正确也。一不可以贡高,二不可以卑下。倘犯此二病,即不能谛听,即听亦不能正确。有人稍研求经论,即自以为通晓佛学,此犯贡高之病。有人高推圣境,以为如此大法,我们如何能解,此犯卑下之病。贡高是慢,卑下亦是卑慢。如此听经,即不能真实正确。是以学佛者务须免除以上二病,虚心领受,故云“谛听”。既能谛听,岂可不说?故云“当为汝说”,意... more

(丁)初,赞印。

佛言:“善哉善哉。须菩提,如汝所说,如来善护念诸菩萨,善付嘱诸菩萨。

结经者此处安“佛”字,有深意。佛是究竟觉之果;上文发心人,正是修因。欲知山下路,须问过来人。此安“佛”字,即如是因,如是果。反之,即如是果,如是因。“善哉善哉”是赞,“如汝所说”是印。第一“善哉”,赞其善契如来本心。数十年示现尘劳,默默护念付嘱,绝未有言说,今须菩提独能见到,故赞之。第二“善哉”,是赞其代众启请。佛之苦心,即要善男女发心去学,然无人能请。今须菩提独能请问,以完如来本愿,故又赞之。人家不能问,汝... more

发心,先也。然必须发大心,方能修大行,得大果。《华严经》云:“忘失菩提心,修诸善果,魔所摄持故。”善男女初发心时,即应以成佛自期,发阿耨多罗三藐三菩提心。无上者,正是所求故。欲求无上,必须修福度生,故次云正等。欲度众生,应先自度,故次云正觉。逆言之,即自觉觉他觉行圆满也。《论》云:“初发究竟二不别,如是二心先心难。”发心菩提,至无上菩提,是一心非二心。然初发心难,故须菩提先举发心为问。住降,后也,有人先曾发心,后时忘失,此是不知真心如何安住,致妄心不能降伏也。故善财童子,每遇善友,皆启请云:“我... more

梵语“阿耨多罗”,此云无上。“三藐”,此云正等。“三菩提”,此云正觉。合云无上正等正觉。正觉者,拣异凡外之不正。以凡夫有我,不能自觉,外道有觉,属于偏邪,非正觉故。正等者,拣异二乘之不等。阿罗汉皆得正觉,然畏生死如牢狱,急于自度,缺少慈悲心,不能修善度生,无平等心故。三藐,正指菩萨言。正等者,自觉觉他,自他均等也。无上,拣异菩萨之有上。菩萨觉虽正等,然尚不如佛之觉行圆满。无上,正指佛而言。此善男子、善女人所发者,即佛之无上觉心。心是灵明觉照之体,在用上分真妄染净。今依菩提而发,显见是真是净,非妄... more

(戊)次,称赞。

“希有,世尊!如来善护念诸菩萨,善付嘱诸菩萨。”

通常说希有,归纳起来,有四义:一,时希有,如来出世,旷劫难逢故。二,处希有,三千大千世界中,唯有一佛故。三。德希有,福慧殊胜,无比并故。四,事希有,慈悲方便,用最巧故。以上四者,是通途之说。今谓“希有”,乃正指般若波罗蜜而言。“世尊”,是总号,称呼时用之。称佛则表果德,称如来则表性德。须菩提于佛之穿衣吃饭等,见得诸相非相,即见如来,故开口即称“如来”。他老人家以法身如来示现凡夫,此正在那里表示不住一切相。以法身如来,何故示同凡夫... more

时长老须菩提,在大众中,即从座起,偏袒右肩,右膝著地,合掌恭敬而白佛言:

时:即指世尊乞食还园之时。此“时”字最宜著眼。下文希有之叹,即跟上文著衣持钵一段文而来。结经者安一“时”字,含有无穷感慨在里许。世尊著衣持钵乞食,日日如此,大众见如不见,此次机缘成熟,乃为须菩提一眼觑破。般若大法,世尊不常说,即说亦必待机缘成熟方可。此真希有难逢,所谓千载一时也。

长老:齿德俱尊之称。唐译曰具寿,唯显年老。魏译曰慧命,唯显德长。罗什顺此方文义,译为长老,兼含二义。

须菩提:亦翻空生,亦翻善现、善吉。彼之俗家... more

《金刚经》的序分部分,通常指经文开头的“如是我闻,一时佛在舍卫国祇树给孤独园,与大比丘众千二百五十人俱”等内容,主要交代法会的时间、地点、与会大众等背景信息。江味农居士在《金刚经讲义》中对序分的解读,着重于阐发其中蕴含的深意,而非仅作表面叙述。以下是总结并附上相关经文:

一、序分经文(通序)

经文:

「如是我闻:一时,佛在舍卫国祇树给孤独园,与大比丘众千二百五十人俱。尔时,世尊食时,著衣持钵,入舍卫大城乞食。于其城中,次第乞已,还至本处。饭食讫,收衣钵,洗足已,敷座而坐。」

二、江味农解读要点 more

金刚般若之要旨,括以八字,曰:理显三空,观融二谛。

先从苦说起。所谓三苦、八苦,苦由业来,业由惑生,所谓见思惑也。因详说之,而惑之本,则为我见。我见除,则诸惑不生。不生,则无业系之苦。所谓了生死是也。金刚坚利,喻般若能断惑。故本经宗旨,唯在破我。我执之粗者,为四大五阴。细者,则取法,或取非法。凡有所取,便是我执未尽。故须重重空之,即无我相,无法相,亦无非法相是也。此之谓三空。

法字义广,事事物物,皆在其中。四大五阴,亦事物之一也。故约粗细分言之,则为人我相,法我相。而约有相言,则同属于法。故人我... more

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